Number in Scripture:

Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual Significance


by
E. W. Bullinger
(1837-1913)


Fourth Edition, Revised.


"The works of the Lord are great,
Sought out of all them have pleasure therein."
Ps. cxi. 2.




London:
Eyre & Spottiswoode (Bible Warehouse) Ltd.,
33. Paternoster Row, E.C.
1921






Preface


Many writers, from the earliest times, have called attention to the importance of the great subject of Number in Scripture. It has been dealt with, for the most part, in a fragmentary way. One has dealt with some particular number, such as "seven"; another has been content with a view of the primary numbers, and even when defining their significance, has given only one or two examples by way of illustration; another has confined himself to "symbolical numbers," such as 10, 40, 666, etc.; another has taken up such symbolical numbers in their relation to chronology or to prophecy; another has collected examples, but has dealt little with their meaning.


There seemed, therefore, to be room, and indeed a call, for a work which would be more complete, embrace a larger area, and at the same time be free from the many fancies which all, more or less, indulge in when the mind is occupied too much with one subject. Anyone who values the importance of a particular principle will be tempted to see it where it does not exist, and if it be not there will force it in, in spite sometimes of the original text. Especially is this the case when chronology is dealt with, the greater uncertainty of dates lending itself more readily to the author's fancy.


The greatest work on this subject, both chronological and numerical, is not free from these defects. But its value is nevertheless very great. It is by the late Dr. Milo Mahan, of New York. His work Palmoni*, which was republished among his collected works, has long been out of print. It greatly increased my interest in this subject, and led me to further study, besides furnishing a number of valuable illustrations.


* Not the anonymous Palmoni by an English author, published in London.


It is too much to hope that the present work should be free from these defects, which are inseparable from human infirmity. From one point of view it is a subject which must prove disappointing, at any rate to the author, for illustrations are continually being discovered; and yet, from another point of view, it would be blasphemy to suppose that such a work could be complete; for it would assume that the wonders of this mine could be exhausted, and that its treasures could be all explored!


I must, therefore, be content with the setting forth of general principles, and with giving a few examples from God's Word which illustrate them, leaving others to extend the application of these principles and search out illustrations of them for themselves.


May the result of this contribution to a great subject be to stimulate the labours of Bible students; to strengthen believers in their most holy faith; and to convince doubters of the Divine perfection and inspiration of the Book of Books, to the praise and glory of God.


E.W. BULLINGER


17 North End Road,
Golders Green, N.W.






Contents


PART I
SUPERNATURAL DESIGN


CHAPTER 1
THE WORKS OF GOD


The Heavens
Chronology
Nature
The Vegetable Kingdom
Physiology
Chemistry
Sound and Music
Colour


CHAPTER II
THE WORD OF GOD




The Books of the Bible
The Writers
Occurrences of Words in Old Testament
Occurrences of Words in New Testament
Occurrences of Words in the Apocalypse
Occurrences of Phrases
Evidence as to Authorship of Hebrews and 2 Peter
Occurrences of Words and Phrases in Old and New Testaments combined


PART II
SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE




Introduction
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Six and Seven together
Seven by itself
Eight
Eight and Seven together
Eight by itself
Eight and Thirteen together
Nine
Ten
Eleven
Twelve
Thirteen
Fourteen
Fifteen
Seventeen
Nineteen
Twenty
Twenty-one
Twenty-two
Twenty-four
Twenty-five
Twenty-seven
Twenty-eight
Twenty-nine
Thirty
Thirty-one
Forty
Forty-two
Fifty
Fifty-one
Sixty-five
Seventy
One hundred and twenty
One hundred and fifty and three
Two hundred
Three hundred and ninety
Four hundred
Four hundred and thirty
Four hundred and ninety
Six hundred and sixty-six
Conclusion


Special thanks to Moza, a research member of Philologos and Bible Prophecy Research, for providing this electronic copy. THIS BOOK HAS BEEN EDITED. Any corrections or questions may be directed to the address below:


research-bpr@philologos.org
http://philologos.org
October, 2001


Number in Scripture: Its Supernatural Design and Spiritual Significance by E.W. Bullinger
Philologos Edition: Oct1601
"... freely ye have received, freely give." (Mat 10:8)






Philologos | Bible Prophecy Research | The BPR Reference Guide | Jewish Calendar | About Us

The Witness of the Stars

The Witness of the Stars
E. W. Bullinger
1893

Table of Contents

Preface
Introduction

The First Book
The Redeemer
(His First Coming)
"The sufferings of Christ"

Chapter I

The Prophecy of the Promised Seed of the Woman

VIRGO (The Virgin. A woman bearing a branch in her right hand and an ear of corn in her left). The Promised Seed of the woman.

1. COMA (The Desired. The woman and child). The Desired of all nations.

2. CENTAURUS (The Centaur with two natures, holding a spear piercing a victim). The despised sin offering.

3. BOOTES (a man walking bearing a branch called ARCTURUS, meaning the same). He cometh.

Chapter II

The Redeemer's Atoning Work

LIBRA (The Scales). The price deficient balanced by the price which covers.

1. CRUX, The Cross endured.

2. LUPUS, or VICTIMA, The Victim slain.

3. CORONA, The Crown bestowed.

Chapter III

The Redeemer's Conflict

SCORPIO (The Scorpion) seeking to wound, but itself trodden under foot.

1. SERPENS (The Serpent struggling with the man).

2. O-PHI-U-CHUS (The man grasping the serpent). The struggle with the enemy.

3. HERCULES (The mighty man. A man kneeling on one knee, humbled in the conflict, but holding aloft the tokens of victory, with his foot on the head of the Dragon). The mighty Vanquisher seeming to sink in the conflict.

Chapter IV

The Redeemer's Triumph

SAGITTARIUS (The Archer). The two-natured Conqueror going forth "Conquering and to conquer."

1. LYRA (The Harp). Praise prepared for the Conqueror.

2. ARA (The Altar). Consuming fire prepared for His enemies.

3. DRACO (The Dragon). The Old Serpent— Devil, cast down from heaven.

The Second Book
The Redeemed
"The result of the Redeemer's sufferings"

Chapter I

Their Blessings Procured

CAPRICORNUS (The fish-goat). The goat of Atonement slain for the Redeemed.

1. SAGITTA (The Arrow). The arrow of God sent forth.

2. AQUILA (The Eagle). The smitten One falling.

3. DELPHINUS (The Dolphin). The dead One rising again.

Chapter II

Their Blessings Ensured

AQUARIUS (The Water-Bearer). The living waters of blessing poured forth for the Redeemed.

1. PISCIS AUSTRALIS (The Southern Fish). The blessings bestowed.

2. PEGASUS (The Winged Horse). The blessings quickly coming.

3. CYGNUS (The Swan). The Blesser surely returning.

Chapter III

Their Blessings in Abeyance

PISCES (The Fishes). The Redeemed blessed though bound.

1. THE BAND—, but binding their great enemy Cetus, the sea monster.

2. ANDROMEDA (The Chained Woman). The Redeemed in their bondage and affliction.

3. CEPHEUS (The King). Their Redeemer coming to rule.

Chapter IV

Their Blessings Consummated and Enjoyed

ARIES (The Ram or Lamb). The Lamb that was slain, prepared for the victory.

1. CASSIOPEIA (The Enthroned Woman). The captive delivered, and preparing for her husband, the Redeemer.

2. CETUS (The Sea Monster). The great enemy bound.

3. PERSEUS (The Breaker). Delivering His redeemed.

The Third Book
The Redeemer
(His Second Coming)
"The glory that should follow"

Chapter I

Messiah, The Coming Judge of All the Earth

TAURUS (The Bull). Messiah coming to rule.

1. ORION, Light breaking forth in the person of the Redeemer.

2. ERIDANUS (The River of the Judge). Wrath breaking forth for His enemies.

3. AURIGA (The Shepherd). Safety for the Redeemed in the day of that wrath.

Chapter II

Messiah's Reign as Prince of Peace

GEMINI (The Twins). The twofold nature of the King.

1. LEPUS (The Hare), or THE ENEMY trodden under foot.

2. CANIS MAJOR (The Dog), or SIRIUS, the coming glorious Prince of Princes.

3. CANIS MINOR (The Second Dog), or PROCYON, the exalted Redeemer.

Chapter III

Messiah's Redeemed Possessions

CANCER (The Crab). The possession held fast.

1. URSA MINOR (The Lesser Bear). The lesser sheepfold.

2. URSA MAJOR (The Great Bear). The fold and the flock.

3. ARGO (The Ship). The redeemed pilgrims safe at home.

Chapter IV

Messiah's Consummated Triumph

LEO (The Lion). The Lion of the Tribe of Judah aroused for the rending of the Enemy.

1. HYDRA (The Serpent). That old Serpent— Devil, destroyed.

2. CRATER (The Cup). The cup of Divine wrath poured out upon him.

3. CORVUS (The Crow, or Raven). Birds of prey devouring him.



For Signs and For Seasons

Such are the contents of this wondrous book that is written in the heavens. Thus has God been speaking and emphasizing and developing His first great prophetic promise of Genesis 3:15.

Though for more than 2,500 years His people had not this Revelation written in a book as we now have it in the Bible, they were not left in ignorance and darkness as to God's purposes and counsels; nor were they without hope as to ultimate deliverance from all evil and from the Evil One.

Adam, who first heard that wondrous promise, repeated it, and gave it to his posterity as a most precious heritage— ground of all their faith, the substance of all their hope, the object of all their desire. Seth and Enoch took it up. Enoch, we know, prophesied of the Lord's coming, saying, "Behold the Lord cometh with ten thousands of His saints to execute judgment upon all" (Jude 14). How could these "holy prophets, since the world began," have recorded their prophecies better, or more effectually, or more truthfully and powerfully, than in these star-pictures and their interpretation? This becomes a certainty when we remember the words of the Holy Spirit by Zacharias (Luke 1:67-70):

"Blessed be the Lord God of Israel;
For He hath visited and redeemed His people,
And hath raised up a horn of salvation for us
In the house of His servant David;
As He spake by the mouth of HIS HOLY PROPHETS
WHICH HAVE BEEN SINCE THE WORLD BEGAN."

The same truth is revealed through Peter, in Acts 3:20, 21: "He shall send Jesus Christ, which before was preached unto you; whom the heaven must receive until the times of restitution of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all HIS HOLY PROPHETS SINCE THE WORLD BEGAN."

These words have new meaning for us, if we see the things which were spoken "since the world began," thus written in the heavens, which utter speech (i.e. prophecy), and show forth this knowledge day after day and night after night, the heritage of all the earth, and their words reaching unto the ends of the world.

This Revelation, coinciding as it does in all its facts and truths with that afterwards recorded "in the Volume of the Book," must have had the same Divine origin, must have been made known by the inspiration of the same Holy Spirit.

We now proceed to compare the two, and we shall see how they agree at every point, proving that the source and origin of this Divine Revelation is one and the same.

MAZZAROTH; or, the CONSTELLATION

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST PART.

• Preface
• Questions to which it is generally believed that there is no certain Answer to be given, Tradition or Conjecture being all that is ever alleged
• Objections sometimes urged as to the Origin and Meaning of the Names and Figures of the Ancient Constellations
• What are the real Meanings of the Emblems of the Signs?
• The Latin Names of the Twelve Signs accounted for by their Semitic Roots
• The Twelve Signs of the Zodiac, as connected with the Primitive Prophecies
• Mazzaroth. Chapter I
• Mazzaroth. Chapter II

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND PART

* Explanation of the Tables
* Prophecies of the Messiah, His People and His enemy, corresponding with the Thirty-six Decans or Constellations accompanying the Signs
* Authorities for the Antiquity of the Signs of the Zodiac, their Names and Forms
* Aries. The Ram, or Lamb, coming Forth
* Taurus. The Bull, coming to Rule
* Gemini. The Twins, the United
* Cancer. The Crab or Scarabaeus, holding the Possession
* Leo. The Lion, the Separating
* Virgo. The Woman, bearing the Branch
* Libra. The Scales, the Redeeming
* Scorpio. The Scorpion, the Conflict
* Sagittarius. The Archer, the Going Forth
* Capricornus. The Goat, the Atonement Slain
* Aquarius. The Water-bearer, the Pouring Forth
* Pisces. The Fishes, the Multitudes Upheld
* Lunar Zodiac; or, Mansions of the Moon
* The Galactic Circle. A Way Returning
* The Twelve Signs, Sanscrit and Chinese
* The Pleiades
* Ursa Major and Minor, called the Great and Lesser Bear
* Orion
* Names of the Antediluvian Patriarchs
* Note on Enoch; Notes on the Names of the Antediluvian Patriarchs; on British Triads
* Names of the Sons of Jacob, according to their Birth. The Breastplate of the High Priest
* Genesis 49
* Numbers 24: Part of the Prophecy of Balaam
* Deuteronomy 33: Blessing of Moses
* The Encampment of Israel in the Wilderness, and the Breastplate of the High Priest
* The Twelve Signs as alluded to by Jacob in Genesis 49, and by Moses in Deuteronomy 33
* Types of the Levitical Law, corresponding with the Signs, or their accompanying Constellations
* On the Cherubic Forms as connected with the Emblems of Ancient Astronomy
* Symbols of the Constellations. The Twelve Signs
* Types of the Apocalypse, corresponding with the Emblems of the Constellations
* Prophecies of the Messiah, corresponding with the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac and the Twelve Precious Stones of the Foundations of the Holy City of the Apocalypse, Rev 21
* On the Plenary Inspiration of the Scriptures, as connected with the Names of Ancient Astronomy
* On the Immortality of the Soul as known to the Antediluvian Patriarchs, and to the Ancient Hebrews, and indicated by the Emblems of Ancient Astronomy
* On the Book of Job, as connected with the Emblems of Ancient Astronomy
* Prophecy, as connected with the Emblems of Ancient Astronomy, for which a Prophetic Import is claimed
* On the Original Language to which the Names of Ancient Astronomy are referred
* On the Connexion of the Greek with the Semitic Dialects
* The Names of the Twelve Chief Gods of Roman and Greek Mythology, explained from their Primitive Roots, and referred to the corresponding Signs
* The Twelve Labours of Hercules, as agreeing with the Signs
* The Sphinx, as connected with the Sign Virgo
* The Sibyl, as connected with the Sign Virgo
* On the Sign Virgo
* Ancient Arabian and Persian Traditions
* The Star of Bethlehem
* The Southern Fish, in Aquarius
* The Hebrew Alphabet, as connected with the Constellations
* On the Antiquity of the Square Character of the Hebrew
* Meanings of the Hebrew Alphabet, from Ancient Jewish Authorities. (Gaffarelli, Cur. Lit.)
* The Southern Cross
* Ancient Names of the Sun, Moon, and Earth, explained from their Primitive Roots
* Ancient Names of the Planets, explained from their Primitive Roots
* Names of Egyptian Gods, explained from their Primitive Roots, and referred to the corresponding Planets and Signs. The Eight Gods of the First Order
* The Twelve Great Gods of Assyria. Presided over by Ashur, the King of the Circle of the Great Gods
* Names of the Stones on the Foundations of the Holy City, in the order in which they are given in Revelation 21:19, 20, referred to the Hebrew Roots
* On the Sign Capricorn
* On the Sign Aries

THIRD PART

London:
Rivingtons, Waterloo Place.
1862

CONTENTS OF THE THIRD PART

* Days of the Planetary Week, as named after the Sun, Moon, and Five Planets
* Memorial Lines for the Planetary Week, as connected with Prophecy
* Names of the Days of the Planetary Week of the Brahmins, as given by Le Gentil
* Singalese Names of the Days of the Planetary Week, as given by Le Gentil
* Siamese Names of the Planetary Week, according to La Loubere
* Memorial Lines for the Days of the Week, in analogy with those of Creation
* Memorial Lines, according to the Order of the Signs
* Memorial Lines, according to the Course of Prophecy
* Memorial Lines for the Constellations
* Decans
* Memorial Lines for the Names of Stars
* Note on the Names of the Stars
* On the Mansions of the Moon, or Lunar Zodiac
* Memorial Lines for the Mansions of the Moon
* The Mythology of India, in connexion with Ancient Astronomy
* The Mythology of the Scandinavian Nations, as connected with the Ancient Astronomy
* Note on Hela
* Note on Noetic
* Memorial Lines for the Names of the Mythology of India
* Memorial Lines for the Names of the Mythology of Scandinavia, with Notes
* Memorial Lines for the Names of the Planets
* Notes, &c., on the Names of the Planets



FOURTH PART

London:
Rivingtons, Waterloo Place.
1865

CONTENTS OF THE FOURTH PART

* Preface to Part IV
* On the Emblems of Egyptian Mythology
* Testimonies to the Great Antiquity Here Claimed for the Emblems of the Constellations, Egyptian and Chaldean
* On the Astronomy of the Ancients
* Note on the Astronomy of the Ancients
* Astrology of the Ancients
* Note on the Decans



MIZRAIM; OR, ASTRONOMY OF EGYPT

by the late
F. Rolleston,
Keswick

"And the Lord shall be known to Egypt."—Isaiah 19:21

CONTENTS

* The Ancient Egyptian Zodiac and Planisphere of Dendera
* The Ancient Coptic Names of the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac, According to Ulugh Beigh
* Notes on Libra
* Aries
* Taurus
* Gemini
* Cancer
* Leo
* Virgo
* Libra
* Scorpio
* Sagittarius
* Capricornus
* Aquarius
* Pisces
* On the Names of the Twelve Signs
* Note on the Scarabaeus
* Note on Manetho
* Zodiac of Esne



Addenda

* The Planets
* On the Planet Venus
* The Pole

Justinian I

Justinian I (Latin: Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus; Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ἰουστινιανός; 483 – 13 or 14 November 565), commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire.

One of the most important figures of Late Antiquity and the last emperor to speak Latin as a first language,[1] Justinian's rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Eastern Roman Empire. The impact of his administration extended far beyond the boundaries of his time and domain. Justinian's reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii, or "restoration of the empire".[2] This ambition was expressed in the partial recovery of the territories of the Western Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. A still more resonant aspect of his legacy was the uniform rewriting of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis, which is still the basis of civil law in many modern states. His reign also marked a blossoming of Byzantine culture, and his building programme yielded such masterpieces as the church of Hagia Sophia, which was to be the center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity for many centuries.

A devastating outbreak of bubonic plague (see Plague of Justinian) in the early 540s marked the end of an age of splendor. The empire entered a period of territorial decline not to be reversed until the ninth century.

Procopius provides the primary source for the history of Justinian's reign. The Syriac chronicle of John of Ephesus, which does not survive, was used as a source for later chronicles, contributing many additional details of value. Both historians became very bitter towards Justinian and his empress, Theodora.[3] Other sources include the histories of Agathias, Menander Protector, John Malalas, the Paschal Chronicle, the chronicles of Marcellinus Comes and Victor of Tunnuna.

Justinian is considered a saint amongst Eastern Orthodox Christians, and is also commemorated by some Lutheran Churches.[4]

Internet Medival Sourcebook - Selected Sources - Byzantium

Contents


General
Foundations
Justinian (b.483- r.527-d.565)
Justinian and Theodora
Government
Society and Economy
Church Policy
Wars
Buildings
Laws
After Justinian
Iconoclasm
Byzantine Imperial Centuries (843-1204)
Macedonian Dynasty
Eleventh Century Conflicts
The Komnenoi
The Final Centuries
The Nicean Period
The Palaiologoi
The Peloponnese and Mistra
Trebizond
The Fall of Constantinople and Aftermath
After Byzantium
Byzantine Religion
General Religion
Ecclesiastical Organization
Theology
Spirituality
Liturgy
Sanctity
Monasticism
Heresy and Dissent
The Byzantine Commonwealth
Syria
Armenia
Bulgaria
Serbia/Montenegro
Vikings
Inner Asia
The Byzantine Commonwealth: Russia
Accounts of Byzantium by Others


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


General


WEB Byzantium: The Byzantine Studies Page
WEB Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Collection: Selected Images [At DO]
WEB Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Collection: Slide List of the Dumbarton Oaks Byzantine Collection [At DO]
WEB Dumbarton Oaks Electronic Texts [Uses Acrobat]
Byzantine, Landscape Architecture and Pre-Columbian etext.
Paul of Aigina: The Epitome, excerpts. [a medical text]
A Byzantine Mathematics Textbook, 888: [Page image]
With Euclidean theorems.
The Suda: Entries on Grammarians, Rhetoricians ands Sophists, [At Leeds]
The Suda was a Byzantine "encyclopedia".
Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Greek Christian Poetry. [At St. Pachomius Library]
A collection of translations, including poems by: Clement of Alexandria, Gregory Nazianzen, Amphilochius of Iconium, Synesius of Cyrene, Paul Silentiarius, George Pisidia, John Damascene, Simeon Metaphrastes, John Maurpous of Euchaita, Theodore Prodromus, John Tzetzes, Manuel Philes, and Maximus Margunius.
Legislation Affecting the Jews, 300 to 800 CE
Index to Roman, Western and canonical laws
Byzantine Homosexuality texts are available at the People With a History site
Foundations


Sozomen (d. c. 450 CE): Constantine Founds Constantinople, 324, from Ecclesiastical History 2.3
Notitia Dignitatum (Register of Dignitaries)
A list of all the officials in the Roman Empire, East and West, c.400
Justinian (b.483- r.527-d.565)


Justinian and Theodora
[Tierney 22.2] Procopius: On Justinian. , from Secret History. The full text of the Secret History is also available.
Government
Procopius: On the Racing Factions, from On the Wars .
Procopius: Procopius: On the Nika Revolt, from The Wars.
Theophanes: On the Racing Factions, from ths Chronicle. See also Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Theophanes
Society and Economy
Procopius: The Roman Silk Industry, c. 550, from On the Wars
Procopius: The Plague, 542, History of the Wars, II.xxii-xxxiii:
Church Policy
Justinian I (b.483- r.527-d.565): Dialogue with Paul of Nisibis, translated by Dr. Jeffrey Macdonald, 1998 [At Pachomius]
Justinian's "dialogue" with a Nestorian.
Wars
Procopius: The Reconquest of Africa, 534, from On the Wars IV:9.
A description of Belisarius' triumph, with Gelimer, King of the Vandal's in tow.
Buildings
[Tierney 22.1] Procopius: Justinian, from Buildings.
Procopius: Description of Hagia Sophia from De Aedificiis. See also Catholic Encyclopedia: Byzantine Architecture
Paul the Silentiary: Description of Hagia Sophia from Descriptio S. Sophiae .
Laws
[Tierney 12] Corpus Iuris Civilis [selections]
Corpus Iuris Civilis: Institutes, 535, very extensive selections, in English.
Corpus Iuris Civilis: Institutes, Books 1-IV, [in Latin][At The Latin Library]
Corpus Iuris Civilis: Digest: D. 1.1.1 Ulp 1 inst. [In Latin] [At Roman Law Page]
Corpus Iuris Civilis: Roman Law Texts [In Latin] [At Roman Law Page]
A selection of medium length excerpts from, among others, the Corpus Iuris Civilis
Corpus Iuris Civilis: The Digest and Codex on Marriage
Codex Justinianus: Protection of Freewomen Married to Servile Husbands, c. 530 [Vll.24.i.]
Codex Justinianus: Return of Fugitive Slaves & Coloni, c. 530 [Xl.48.xii.]
Codex Justinianus: Application of Patria Potestas to the Coloni, c. 530 [Xl.48.xiii]
Codex Justinianus: Children of the Unfree, c. 530 [Xl.48.xxi.]
Codex Justinianus: Protection of Freemen and Coloni, c. 530 [Xl.48.xxii.]
Codex Justinianus: Children of Mixed Marriages, c. 530 [Xl.48.xxiv.]
Codex Justinianus: Coloni Bound to the Soil, c. 530 [Xl.51.i]
Codex Justinianus: Violation of the Thracian Land Law, c. 530 [XI.52.i.]
Justinian I (b.483- r.527-d.565): Novel 137: Regulating Church Ritual.
Justinian I (b.483- r.527-d.565): Novel 77, [538 CE] and Novel 141, [544 CE], [At PWH]
Includes texts of earlier Roman legislation on homosexuality.
Justinian (b.483- r.527-d.565): Novella 146: On Jews
After Justinian


John of Nikiu: On the Factions in Egypt.
Antiochus Strategos: The Sack of Jerusalem, 614.
An account of the Persian conquest. Also an example of Byzantine Antisemitism, and a version of the Blood libel.
Sophronius Patriarch of Jerusalem. Two Poems on the Holy City (Anacreontica XIX and XX) - ca. 600 A.D. [At Christus Rex]
Elliott Horowitz: "The Vengeance of the Jews Was Stronger Than Their Avarice": Modern Historians and the Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614, Jewish Social Studies Volume 4, Number 2
Huneberc of Heidenheim: The Hodoeporican of St. Willibald, 8th Century.
Describes a pilgrimmage to Jerusalem in this period.
Iconoclasm


John of Damascus: In Defence of Icons, c 730, extracts from On the Holy Icons and the Fount of Wisdom. See also Catholic Encyclopedia: John Damascene, Saint, Catholic Encyclopedia: Iconoclasm, and Catholic Encyclopedia: Veneration of Images.
John of Damascus: Apologia Against Those Who Decry Holy Images
Iconoclast Council of Constantinople, 754, full text.
Second Council of Nicea: Decree on Icons, 787.
Byzantine Imperial Centuries (843-1204)


Macedonian Dynasty
The Farmer's Law, 7-8th Century.
Symeon Logothete: Chronicle, excerpts on the Reign of Constantine VII, trans, Paul Stephenson [At Paul Stephenson's website]
Theophanes Continuatus: Chronicle, excerpts on the Reign of Romanos I Lekapenos, trans. Paul Stephenson [At Paul Stephenson's website]
Constantine VII Porphygenitus: De Ceremonies Aulae Byzantinae: A Diplomatic Stylesheet: Protocols and Forms of Address for Foreign Potentates, (De Ceremoniis, bk 2, cc. 46-48), trans. Paul Stephenson [At Paul Stephenson's website]
Constantine VII Porphyrgenitus: De Administrando Imperio: Relations with Northern Peoples in the 10th Century, excerpts, trans. Paul Stephenson [At Paul Stephenson's website]
Liutprand of Cremona (c.922-c.972): Report on Mission to Constantinople, 963. full text
Liutprand of Cremona (c.922-c.972): Report on Mission to Constantinople, 963, excerpts.
An Arab Ambassador in Constantinople, (late 10th Century).
John Skylitzes: Synopsis Historion, trans. Paul Stephenson [At Paul Stephenson's website]
With an account of the Battle of Kleidion, 29 July 1014.
Heron of Byzantium: Siegecraft: Two Tenth-Century Instructional Manuals PDF Format [At DO]
Ibn Battuta (1307-1377 CE): Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354
Eleventh Century Conflicts
Theodoros Skoutariotes: The Emperors of the 11th Century, from the Synopsis Chronika.
Michael Psellus (1018-after 1078): Chronographia, full text.
The history of the Roman Empire 976-1078 by one of the liveliest writers of the middle ages.
The Komnenoi
Anna Comnena (1083-after 1148): The Alexiad. [Full text]
The account of her father, the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I, by Princess Anna Comnena is perhaps the most important historical work by a woman writer written before the modern period.
Anna Comnena(1083-after 1148): The Alexiad, Books 10 and 11 (on the Crusades).
See also Catholic Encyclopedia: Anna Comnena for somewhat dismissive comments.
The Great Fair at Thessalonica, mid 12th Cent.
Geoffry de Villehardouin (c.1160-c.1212): Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople. full text
The Final Centuries


The Nicean Period
The Palaiologoi
Patriarch Anthony: Defending the Position of the Emperor, 1395.
Hesychasm: Selected Readings
The Peloponnese and Mistra
Trebizond
The Fall of Constantinople and Aftermath
James M. Ludlow: The Tribute of Children, 1493 [At this Site]
On the origins of the Janissaries.
After Byzantium
Byzantine Religion


WEB St. Pachomius Library: Global Index, for listing of Orthodox documents online.
General Religion
Ecclesiastical Organization
Theodore Balsamon: On the Powers of the Patriarch of Constantinople, end 12th Century.
Theology
WEB Ephrem the Syrian (early 4th cent--373): Writings Extant only in Greek. [At Anastasis]
New texts are always being added to the Anastasis website.
Fifty Five Beatitudes
Three Short Discourses
Sermon on the Fathers who have completed their course
Sermon in Heptasyllabics
John Chrysostom
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): Easter Sermon. See also St. John of Antioch: the Golden Mouth [At Internet Archive, from OP.ORG]
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): Homilies Against the Jews
John Chrysostom: Treatise on the Priesthood, full text [At CCEL]
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): Letters to Olympias [At ccel]
Letter I
Letter II
Letter III
Letter IV
Letter VII
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): Letter to certain Presbyters of Antioch [At CCEL]
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): Correspondence with the Bishop of Rome [At CCEL]
Letter I to Innocent, Bishop of Rome
Letter II to Innocent, Bishop of Rome
From Innocent, Bishop of Rome to St. John
From Innocent to the People of Constantinople
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): Homilies on Saint Ignatius and Saint Babylas [At CCEL]
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): Concerning the Power of Demons - Three Homilies [At CCEL]
Homily 1
Homily 2
Homily 3
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): On Eutropius the Eunuch, Patrician and Consul - Homily 1 and Homily 2 [At CCEL]
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): Concerning Lowliness (Humility) of Mind [At CCEL]
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): Homily on the Paralytic Let Down Through the Roof [At CCEL]
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): Against Publishing the Errors of the Brethren [At CCEL]
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): A Treatise to Prove that No One Can Harm the Man Who Does Not Injure Himself [At CCEL]
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): Against Marcionists and Manichaeans [At CCEL]
John Chrysostom (c.347-407): Homilies on the Statues [At CCEL]
Introduction
Homily 1
Homily 2
Homily 3
Homily 4
Homily 5
Homily 6
Homily 7
Homily 8
Homily 9
Homily 10
Homily 11
Homily 12
Homily 13
Homily 14
Homily 15
Homily 16
Homily 17
Homily 18
Homily 19
Homily 20
Homily 21
Professions of Faith Extracted from Jews on Baptism, Visgothic and Byzantine
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (2nd half 5th century): Letters [At St. Pachomius]
See Catholic Encyclopedia: Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite
Justinian I (b.483- r.527-d.565): Dialogue with Paul of Nisibis, translated by Dr. Jeffrey Macdonald, 1998 [At Pachomius]
Justinian's "dialogue" with a Nestorian.
Mar Narsai (5th-6th Cent.): An Exposition of The Mysteries. [At U. Oregon]
John of Damascus
John of Damascus: Apologia Against Those Who Decry Holy Images , full text
John of Damascus: Three Sermons on the Dormition (koimhsiV) of the Virgin, full text,
Peter Moghila of Kiev: Orthodox Confession of the Faith, 17th century, [At UMD]
Perhaps the most Western "Orthodox" confession ever written
Spirituality
John Moschos: An Angel Story from the Spiritual Meadow .
Theodore of Studium
Theodore of Studium (d.826): Twenty-Seventh Discourse.
Theodore of Studium (d.826): Sixty First Discourse.
Theodore of Studium (d.826): Selected Poems, with the Letter to Casia.
Hesychasm: Selected Readings
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palamas: On the Dormition of the Virgin Mary .
Gregory Palamas: On Unceasing Prayer, from the Life of St. Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Salonica, Wonderworker (this is taken from the comments of St. Nikodemos of the Holy Mountain, editor of the Philokalia). [At Saint Gregory Palamas Greek Orthodox Monastery]
St. Arsenios of Cappodocia: Blessing Psalter, 20th cent.
Sanctity
Palladius: The Lausiac History [extended excerpts]
Includes lives of a number of saintly women.
Gregory of Nyssa (c.335-d.c.395): Life of Macrina, trans. W.K. Lowther Clarke [full text].
One of the most important lives of a female saint. This is an account of Gregory's strongminded sister, Macrina (c.327-379)
The Life of Daniel the Stylite [Full text], the fifth-century saint who spent 33 years on a pillar in Constantinople. See also Catholic Encyclopedia: Stylites.
Life of Matrona of Perge, d.c. 510-515, trans Khalifa Ben Nasser, [full text of Metaphrastic Life: selections from Vita Prima].
An example of a "transvestite" saint who was also a historical figure.
The Life of Theodore of Sykeon, Full text.
This Life of seventh-century saint is a major source for Byzantine rural and social history, as well as about the cult of saints.
Leontius of Neapolis (7th Century): The Life of John the Almsgiver [Full text].
Life of Irene, Abbess of the Convent of Chrysobalanton, trans. Jan Olof Rosenqvist
Life of Mary the Younger, d.c. 903, trans Paul Halsall, [First five chapters, and concluding prayer].
The Life of St. Thomaïs of Lesbos, full text in Greek [Unicode]
The Life of Lazaros of Mt. Galesion: An Eleventh-Century Pillar Saint [At DO] A good part of the published translation. In PDF Format
Gregory of Constantinople: Life of St. Romylos, A 14th Century Hesychast saint. [full permission pending]
Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten Saints' Lives in English Translation [At DO]
Complete texts of translations of female saints lives.
The texts are all in PDF form [for which you need the free Acrobat reader, downloadable from the index page]. Although it is possible to read these within the browser with Acrobat as a plugin, that often seems to destabilize a system. I recommend downloading the files onto a hard disk, and then opening them with Acrobat running independantly of the Browser.
Front Matter, General Introduction, Acknowledgments, List of Abbreviations / 183 k
A. Nuns Disguised as Monks
1. Life of St. Mary/Marinos / translated by Nicholas Constas / 92 k
2. Life of St. Matrona of Perge / Jeffrey Featherstone and Cyril Mango / 305 k
B. Female Solitaries
3. Life of St. Mary of Egypt / Maria Kouli / 183 k
4. Life of St. Theoktiste of Lesbos / Angela C. Hero / 153 k
C. Cenobitic Nuns
5. Life of St. Elisabeth the Wonderworker / Valerie Karras / 153 k
6. Life of St. Athanasia of Aegina / Lee Francis Sherry / 153 k
7. Life of St. Theodora of Thessalonike / Alice-Mary Talbot / 458 k
D. Pious Housewives
8. Life of St. Mary the Younger / Angeliki E. Laiou / 305 k
9. Life of St. Thomaïs of Lesbos / Paul Halsall / 214 k
E. A Saintly Empress
10. Life of St. Theodora of Arta / Alice-Mary Talbot / 92 k
Indexes / 122 k
Index of People and Places; General Index Index of Notable Greek Words
Monasticism
Theodore of Studium (d.826): Reform Rules. See also Catholic Encyclopedia: Studion
Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents [At DO]
A Complete Translation of the Surviving Founder's Typika and Testaments. Edited by John Thomas and Angela Constantinides Hero with the assistance of Giles Constable.
The texts are all in PDF form [for which you need the free Acrobat reader, downloadable from the index page]. Although it is possible to read these within the browser with Acrobat as a plugin, that often seems to destabilize a system. I recommend downloading the files onto a hard disk, and then opening them with Acrobat running independantly of the Browser.
Preface, Giles Constable / 153k
Acknowledgements / 31k
Abbreviations / 61k
Introduction / 122k
Early Monastic Rules / 122k
Chapter One: Traditional Private Religious Foundations / 61k
Introdu-n
Seventh Century
1. Apa Abraham: Testament of Apa Abraham, Bishop of Hermonthis, for the Monastery of St. Phoibammon near Thebes, Egypt (trans. Leslie S. B. MacCoull) / 61k
Eighth Century
2. Pantelleria: Typikon of John for the Monastery of St. John the Forerunner on Pantelleria (trans. Gianfranco Fiaccadori) / 61k
Ninth Century
3. Theodore Studites: Testament of Theodore the Studite for the Monastery of St. John Stoudios in Constantinople (trans. Timothy Miller) / 92k
4. Stoudios: Rule of the Monastery of St. John Stoudios in Constantinople (trans. Timothy Miller) / 153k
Tenth Century
5. Euthymios: Testament of Euthymios for the Monasteries of Psamathia and Ta Agathou (trans. Patricia Karlin-Hayter) / 31k
6. Rila: Testament of John of Rila (trans. Ilija Iliev) / 61k
7. Latros: Testament of Paul the Younger for the Monastery of the Mother of God tou Stylou on Mount Latros (trans. Gianfranco Fiaccadori) / 61k
Eleventh Century
8. John Xenos: Testament of John Xenos for the Monastery of the Mother of God Antiphonetria of Myriokephala on Crete (trans. Gianfranco Fiaccadori) / 31k
9. Galesios: Testament of Lazarus of Mount Galesios (trans. Patricia Karlin-Hayter) / 92k
10. Eleousa: Rule of Manuel, Bishop of Stroumitza, for the Monastery of the Mother of God Eleousa (trans. Anastasius Bandy) / 122k
Chapter Two: Athonite Monasteries / 61k
Introduction
Tenth Century
11. Ath. Rule: Rule of Athanasios the Athonite for the Lavra Monastery (trans. George Dennis) / 153k
12. Tzimiskes: Typikon of Emperor John Tzimiskes (trans. George Dennis) / 92k
13. Ath. Typikon: Typikon of Athanasios the Athonite for the Lavra Monastery (trans. George Dennis) / 122k
14. Ath. Testament: Testament of Athanasios the Athonite for the Lavra Monastery (trans. George Dennis) / 61k
15. Constantine IX: Typikon of Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos (trans. Timothy Miller) / 61k
Chapter Three: The Protectorate / 92k
Introduction
Tenth Century
16. Mount Tmolos: Typikon of Nikephoros Erotikos for the Monastery of the Mother of God and the Old Age Home called Ta Derma on Mount Tmolos (trans. John Thomas) / 31k
17. Nikon Metanoeite: Testament of Nikon the Metanoeite for the Church and Monastery of the Savior, the Mother of God and St. Kyriake in Lakedaimon (trans. Anastasius Bandy) / 61k
Eleventh Century
18. Nea Gephyra: Testament of Nikodemos for the Monastery of Nea Gephyra near Lakedaimon (trans. Stephen Reinert) / 31k
19. Attaleiates: Rule of Michael Attaleiates for his Almshouse in Rhaidestos and for the Monastery of Christ Panoiktirmon in Constantinople (trans. Alice-Mary Talbot) / 214k
20. Black Mountain: Regulations of Nikon of the Black Mountain (trans. Robert Allison) / 214k
21. Roidion: Typikon of Nikon of the Black Mountain for the Monastery and Hospice of the Mother of God Tou Roidiou (trans. Robert Allison) / 92k
Chapter Four: Early Reform Monasteries of the Eleventh Century / 92k
Introduction
22. Evergetis: Typikon of Timothy for the Monastery of the Mother of God Evergetis (trans. Robert Jordan) / 244k
23. Pakourianos: Typikon of Gregory Pakourianos for the Monastery of the Mother of God Petritzonitissa in Backovo (trans. Robert Jordan) / 244k
24. Christodoulos: Rule, Testament and Codicil of Christodoulos for the Monastery of St. John the Theologian on Patmos (trans. Patricia Karlin-Hayter) / 183k
Chapter Five: Imperial and Royal Monasteries of the Twelfth Century / 61k
Introduction
25. Fragala: Testaments of Gregory for the Monastery of St. Philip of Fragala in Sicily (trans. Patricia Karlin-Hayter and Timothy Miller) / 92k
26. Luke of Messina: Typikon of Luke for the Monastery of Christ Savior (San Salvatore) in Messina (trans. Timothy Miller) / 61k
27. Kecharitomene: Typikon of Empress Irene Doukaina Komnene for the Convent of the Mother of God Kecharitomene in Constantinople (trans. Robert Jordan) / 305k
28. Pantokrator: Typikon of Emperor John II Komnenos for the Monastery of Christ Pantokrator at Constantinople (trans. Robert Jordan) / 244k
29. Kosmosoteira: Typikon of the Sebastokrator Isaac Komnenos for the Monastery of the Mother of God Kosmosoteira near Bera (trans. Nancy Patterson Sevcenko) / 336k
Chapter Six: Early Reform Monasteries of the Twelfth Century / 61k
Introduction
30. Phoberos: Rule of John for the Monastery of St. John the Forerunner of Phoberos (trans. Robert Jordan) / 336k
31. Areia: Memorandum and Typikon of Leo, Bishop of Nauplia, for the Monastery of the Mother of God in Areia (trans. Alice-Mary Talbot) / 92k
32. Mamas: Typikon of Athanasios Philanthropenos for the Monastery of St. Mamas in Constantinople (trans. Anastasius Bandy) / 275k
33. Heliou Bomon: Typikon of Nikephoros Mystikos for the Monastery of the Mother of God ton Heliou Bomon or Elegmon (trans. Anastasius Bandy) / 214k
Chapter Seven: Independent and Self-Governing Monasteries of the Thirteenth Century / 61k
Introduction
34. Machairas: Rule of Neilos, Bishop of Tamasia, for the Monastery of the Mother of God of Machairas in Cyprus (trans. Anastasius Bandy) / 275k
35. Skoteine: Testament of Maximos for the Monastery of the Mother of God at Skoteine near Philadelphia (trans. George Dennis) / 122k
36. Blemmydes: Typikon of Nikephoros Blemmydes for the Monastery of the Lord Christ-Who-Is at Ematha near Ephesos (trans. Joseph Munitiz) / 61k
37. Auxentios: Typikon of Michael VIII Palaiologos for the Monastery of the Archangel Michael on Mount Auxentios near Chalcedon (trans. George Dennis) / 122k
38. Kellibara I: Typikon of Michael VIII Palaiologos for the Monastery of St. Demetrios of the Palaiologoi-Kellibara in Constantinople (trans. George Dennis) / 92k
39. Lips: Typikon of Theodora Palaiologina for the Convent of Lips in Constantinople (trans. Alice-Mary Talbot) / 153k
40. Anargyroi: Typikon of Theodora Palaiologina for the Convent of Sts. Kosmas and Damian in Constantinople (trans. Alice-Mary Talbot) / 61k
Chapter Eight: Later Private Religious Foundations / 61k
Introduction
Twelfth Century
41. Docheiariou: Rule of Neophytos for the Monastery of St. Michael the Archangel of Docheiariou on Mount Athos (trans. Robert Allison) / 61k
42. Sabas: Founder's Typikon of the Sabas Monastery near Jerusalem (trans. Gianfranco Fiaccadori) / 61k
43. Kasoulon: Rule of Nicholas for the Monastery of St. Nicholas of Kasoulon near Otranto (trans. Timothy Miller) / 61k
44. Karyes: Typikon of Sabbas the Serbian for the Kellion of St. Sabbas at Karyes on Mount Athos (trans. George Dennis) / 61k
Thirteenth Century
45. Neophytos: Testamentary Rule of Neophytos for the Hermitage of the Holy Cross near Ktima in Cyprus (trans. Catia Galatariotou) / 153k
Fourteenth Century
46. Akropolites: Testament of Constantine Akropolites for the Monastery of the Resurrection (Anastasis) in Constantinople (trans. Alice-Mary Talbot) / 61k
47. Philanthropos: Typikon of Irene Choumnaina Palaiologina for the Convent of Christ Philanthropos in Constantinople (trans. Alice-Mary Talbot) / 61k
48. Prodromos: Testament of Neilos for the Monastery of St. John the Forerunner (Prodromos) on Mount Athos (trans. Stephen Reinert) / 31k
49. Geromeri: Testament of Neilos Erichiotes for the Monastery of the Mother of God Hodegetria in Geromeri (trans. George Dennis) / 61k
50. Gerasimos: Testament of Gerasimos for the Small Monastery of St. Euthymios in Jerusalem (trans. George Dennis) / 31k
51. Koutloumosi: Testaments of Chariton for the Monastery of Christ Savior of Koutloumousi on Mount Athos (trans. George Dennis) / 122k
52. Choumnos: Rule and Testament of Makarios Choumnos for the Nea Mone of the Mother of God in Thessalonike (trans. Alice-Mary Talbot) / 92k
53. Meteora: Canonical Rule of Athanasios the Meteorite for the Monastery of the Transfiguration (Metamorphosis) (trans. George Dennis) / 61k
Fifteenth Century
54. Neilos Damilas: Testament and Typikon of Neilos Damilas for the Convent of the Mother of God Pantanassa at Baionaia on Crete (trans. Alice-Mary Talbot) / 92k
Chapter Nine: Independent and Self-Governing Monasteries of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries / 61k
Introduction
Fourteenth Century
55. Athanasios I: Rule of Patriarch Athanasios I (trans. Timothy Miller) / 61k
56. Kellibara II: Typikon of Andronikos II Palaiologos for the Monastery of St. Demetrios-Kellibara in Constantinople (trans. George Dennis) / 31k
57. Bebeia Elpis: Typikon of Theodora Synadene for the Convent of the Mother of God Bebaia Elpis in Constantinople (trans. Alice-Mary Talbot) / 275k
58. Menoikeion: Typikon of Joachim, Metropolitan of Zichna, for the Monastery of St. John the Forerunner on Mount Menoikeion near Serres (trans. Timothy Miller) / 153k
Fifteenth Century
59. Manuel II: Typikon of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos for the Monasteries of Mount Athos (trans. George Dennis) / 61k
60. Charsianeites: Testament of Patriarch Matthew I for the Monastery of Charsianeites Dedicated to the Mother of God Nea Peribleptos (trans. Alice-Mary Talbot) / 183k
61. Eleousa Inv.: Inventory of the Monastery of the Mother of God Eleousa in Stroumitza (trans. Anastasius Bandy, with Nancy Sevcenko) / 61k
Glossary / 61k
Appendix A: Concordance with Previous Lists / 31k
Appendix B: The Regulation of Diet in the Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents / 92k
Appendix C: Topical Interrelationships of the Families of the Typika of the Byzantine Monastic Reform Movement / 31k
General Bibliography / 92k
Liturgy
The Divine Liturgy of John Chrysostom as used in Orthodox Churches.
Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom , in form used by Eastern Catholic churches. [At UMD]
The Liturgy of the Assyrian Rite.
See also Catholic Encyclopedia: Assyrian Rite
The Akathistos Hymn.
The Lenten Triodion. Full English text of Byzantine Lenten services.
The Lenten Triodion. Alternative off site link. [At OCF]
Orthodox Prayers. [At OCF]
The Ecloga on Sexual Crimes, 8th Cent.
The Contract of Marriage, in the Ecloga of Leo III, 726.
Two Versions of the Rite of Adelphopoiia.
Heresy and Dissent
Anna Comnena: The Bogomils, c. 1110
The Byzantine Commonwealth


Syria
Ch'ing-Tsing: Nestorian Tablet: Eulogizing the Propagation of the
Illustrious Religion in China, with a Preface, composed by a priest
of the Syriac Church, 781 A.D.
Bar Sauma (c. 1278-1313): The Monk of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China; or The History of the Life and Travels of Rabban Sawma, Envoy and Plenipotentiary of the Mongol Khans to the Kings of Europe and Markos who as Yahbh-Allaha III Became Patriarch of the Nestorian Church. Translated by E.A. Wallis Budge, London: The Religious Track Society, 1928. [At Traveling to Jerusalem/U Sth Colorado]
Armenia
WEB Armenian/Georgian Historical Resources Site,
Various full text translations by Robert Bedrosian.
P'awstos Buzandac'i'. History of the Armenians, 5th century, full text, trans. Robert Bedrosian, [At Arm. Hist. Resources]
Ghazar P'arbec'i'. History of the Armenians, 5th century, full text, trans. Robert Bedrosian, At [Arm. Hist. Resources]
Sebeos: History, 7th century, full text, trans. Robert Bedrosian, [At Arm. Hist. Resources] [this is the first of a series of files].
John Mamikonean: History of Taron, 10th century, full text, trans. Robert Bedrosian, [At Arm. Hist. Resources] [this is the first of a series of files].
Aristakes Lastivertc'i': History, 11th-century, full text, trans. Robert Bedrosian, [At Arm. Hist. Resources]
The Georgian Chronicle, 12-13th century, full text, trans. Robert Bedrosian, [At Arm. Hist. Resources][this is the first of a series of files].
Kirakos Gandzakets'i': History of the Armenians, 13th-century, full text, trans. Robert Bedrosian, [At Arm. Hist. Resources] [this is the first of a series of files].
T'ovma Metsobets'i': History of Tamerlane and His Successors , full text, trans. Robert Bedrosian, [At Arm. Hist. Resources] [this is the first of a series of files].
Bulgaria
Pope Nicholas I: Responses to the Questions of the Bulgars A.D. 866 (Letter 99), trans. W. North, full text.
Serbia/Montenegro
Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja (Letopis' Popa Dukljanina), Partial Translation by Paul Stephenson [At Paul Stephenson's Website]
"Also known as the Bar Genealogy, was originally composed in Slavonic in the late twelfth century, but has been preserved only in a sixteenth-century Latin translation. It was probably the work of Grgur (Gregory), bishop of Bar from 1172 to c. 1196, who championed the rights of the bishopric of Bar to preside over all the lands south of the river Cetina. A Major source for the Balkan history of the period."
Old Serbian Tales: Marko and the Turks, c. 1450 [At this Site]
A Serbian poem about the fight with the Turks.
Vikings
Snorri Sturlson: Heimskringla or The Chronicle of the Kings of Norway. [OMACL Text], [Contains inter alia, King Harold's Saga]
Inner Asia
Description of the Tartars [Mongols], 13th century.
The Byzantine Commonwealth: Russia


The Chronicle of Nestor.
The Chronicle of Novgorod.
Privileges Granted to German Merchants at Novgorod, 1229
Russian Primary Chronicle: Ruskaia Pravda. [At Univ.Durham]
An early Law code
Russian Primary Chronicle: The Founding of the City of Kiev. [At Univ.Durham]
Nestor: The Martyrdom of Boris and Gleb, d. 1015. [At Univ.Durham]
Russian Primary Chronicle: The Christianisation of Russia, 988. [At Univ.Durham]
Russian Primary Chronicle: The Varangians (Normans). [At Univ.Durham]
Russian Primary Chronicle: Prince Oleg's Campaign Against Constantinople. [At Univ.Durham]
Daniel (1106-1107): The Pilgrimage of the Russian Abbot Daniel in the Holy Land, 1106-1107 A.D., annotated by Sir C. W.Wilson (London, 1895) [At Traveling to Jerusalem/U Sth Colorado]
Metropolitan Hilarion: Sermon on Law and Grace. [At Univ.Durham]
Russian Primary Chronicle: The Testament of Vladimir Monomakh. [At Univ.Durham]
The Lay of Igor's Raid. [At Univ.Durham]
Life of Sergius of Radonezh, (c.1314-1392). [At Durham]
Filofei: Moscow as the Third Rome. [At Univ.Durham]
Prince Andrew Kurbskii: First Epistle Written to the Tsar and Grand Prince of Moscow in Consequence of His Fierce Persecution . [At Univ.Durham]
The Domostroi: How to Educate Children and Bring Them Up In the Fear of God, excerpts, mid-16th century. [At Univ.Durham]
The Code of Law of 1649 (Ulozhenie), excerpts. [At Univ.Durham]
Accounts of Byzantium by Others


Liutprand of Cremona (c.922-c.972): Report on Mission to Constantinople, 963. full text
Liutprand of Cremona (c.922-c.972): Report on Mission to Constantinople, 963, excerpts.
An Arab Ambassador in Constantinople, (late 10th Century).
Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354
Includes an account of Constantinople.
Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. - 1643 C.E.
Chu Yuan-Chang: Manifesto of Accession as First Ming Emperor, 1372 C.E. Sent to the Byzantine Emperor.
Benjamin of Tudela (1160-1173): The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela Critical Text, Translation and Commentary by Marcus Nathan Adler. [At Traveling to Jerusalem/U Sth Colorado]
Felix Fabri (1480 & 1483-84): The Book of the Wanderings of Felix Fabri (Circa 1480-1483 A.D.) trans. Aubrey Stewart. 2 vols. London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, 1896 [At Traveling to Jerusalem/U Sth Colorado]
Pietro Casola (1494): Canon Pietro Casola's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the Year 1494. trans. Mary Margaret Newett. Manchester: The University Press, 1907. [At Traveling to Jerusalem/U Sth Colorado]


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


NOTES:


copyrighted means the text is not available for free distribution. In some cases alternate versions are available, and are working through the pipeline.


Dates of accession of material can be seen in the New Accessions Page. The date of inception was 1/20/1996.


Links to files at other site are indicated by [At some indication of the site name or location]. No indication means that the text file is local.


WEB indicates a link to one of small number of high quality web sites which provide either more texts or an especially valuable overview.




--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Since January 20, 1996, this site has been accessed times
[the counter is approximate since it only records graphical hits.]


The Internet Medieval Sourcebook participates in
ORB, the Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies.


Select Sources Index
Sourcebook Main Page






Site Design: Paul Halsall




©
created 1996: last revised 3/21/2007

Spiritual Warfare

his section will be giving you very specific, battle-tested advice on how to spiritually defend yourself against whatever storm clouds may come against you in this life. We will show you how to form out the appropriate kinds of battle prayers to war against any enemy that may come against you, whether it be human, demonic or any kind of illness or disease.

1. The Eagle Analogy
2. Battle Verses of the Bible
3. Healing Verses of the Bible
4. Battle Verses To Use Against Demonic Spirits
5. Dangers of the Occult
6. Be Wise as Serpents – Harmless as Doves
7. How to Plead the Blood of Jesus for Deliverance and Protection
8. 4 Levels of Spiritual Warfare Against Demonic Spirits
9. What Are the Signs of Demonization
10. The Different Kinds of Demonic Spirits
11. Dealing With the Legal Rights of Demons
12. Battle Command Against Demonic Spirits
13. Battle Prayer to Break Legal Rights of Demons
14. Battle Prayer to Break a Generational Curse Line
15. Battle Prayer To Recover What the Enemy Has Stolen
16. Deliverance System For Casting Out Demons on the Inside of a Person
17. Commanding Demons to Stand Down So You Can Properly Witness to Someone
18. Looking for a Deliverance Minister
19. Using Worship and Praise in Spiritual Warfare
20. Warning – Do Not Taunt or Revile Demons
21. The Gun Analogy
22. The Dangers of Automatic Writing
23. The Extreme Dangers of the Ouija Board
24. UFO’s – What is Really Behind This Phenomenon
25. Drugs and Demons – Testimony
26. Prophetic Word on Becoming a Good Soldier of Jesus Christ
27. Deliverance From Satanism
28. Battle Prayer for a Man Raised up in a Satanic Family
29. Battle Verse for Terrorist Attacks
30. Interpretation of Matthew 12:45 – Demons
31. Testing the Spirits

Interpretation of Matthew 12:45 – Demons

Matthew 12:45
This is a very fascinating verse in that quite a bit of knowledge is given to us by God on what goes on behind the scenes with demons after they are cast out of a person.

In order to really understand this verse, you also have to look at the two verses that are above it – verses 43 and 44. I will go ahead and type out all 3 verses below, and then give you the appropriate explanation.

“When an unclean spirit goes out of a man, he goes through dry places, seeking rest, and finds none. Then he says, ‘I will return to my house from which I came.’ And when he comes, he finds it empty, swept, and put in order.

Then he goes and takes with him seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and they enter and dwell there; and the last state of that man is worse than the first. So shall it also be with this wicked generation.” (Matthew 12: 43-45)

In just three verses, God is giving us quite a bit of information as to what is going on behind the scenes in the spiritual realm once a demon is cast out of someone. I will break down what God is trying to tell us in this verse under the following caption.
Interpretation

1. The very first sentence tells you right off the bat that you are dealing with a demonic spirit who has been cast out of someone. The verse says – “When an unclean spirit goes out of a man.”

An unclean spirit is a demonic spirit. The fact that it is going out of the man means the demon was on the inside of the man. And if the demon is going out of the man, then he had to either be cast out of him by another Christian or direct by God Himself. Otherwise, the demon would have never left the man on his own. Once a demon is able to get on the inside of someone, they will not leave unless they are either cast out by God or another Christian acting under God’s leading and authority to cast the demon out.

The next sentence says that the demon then wants to return to the “house” from which he came out of earlier. The house he is referring to was the person’s body that he was cast out of earlier. After a demon is cast out, this verse tells us that the same demon will then periodically return to see if the person has slipped up in any way in order to give him the legal right to be able to enter back into him again.

2. Bob, demons cannot enter into a person’s body just because they want to. There are spiritual laws that are in operation in the spirit realm and demons have to abide by these laws set up by God. In order for a demon to be able to enter in a person’s body, they have to have some kind of legal right, some kind of legal permission to be able to do so. I talk about what some of those legal rights can be in my article titled, “Dealing with the Legal Rights of Demons.”

In some of these cases, the person has engaged or delved into some type of sin that has given the demon the legal right to be able to enter into them. Common door openers that will allow demons to come in on you are drugs, especially the heavier ones, abusing alcohol, any type of occult activity such as witchcraft, Satan worship, ouija boards, along with engaging in any part of the New Age movement.

Not every person who does all of the above will draw a demon into them. A hundred people may play the ouija board and nothing will happen. Then the next person will play it, and they will be the ones who will draw the demons to them. Why it happens this way, no one really knows for sure.

This is why a person is taking a very big gamble every time they engage in any of the above activities. They are taking a chance of drawing demons to them, and if they stay in that activity long enough, then the demons will have the full legal right to be able to actually enter into this person’s body!

And once that happens, this person is going to be in big trouble! Then the demons will have to either be cast out of them direct by God Himself or by God through another Christian. The demons will not voluntarily give up their position once they are inside of a person’s body. Apparently it is much warmer for them on the inside of our bodies as compared to roaming in the air seeking who their next victim is going to be

Also notice in this verse that once the demon is cast out, he is seeking rest and finds none. The dimension he is roaming about is dry compared to the human body that he was just inhabiting. This verse tells you right there that demons would prefer to be living on the inside of a person’s body rather than roaming through the air.

In some of the exorcisms and deliverances I have read and studied, demons will state that it is “cold” on the outside and that they would prefer to stay on the inside a person’s body. They have said that it is warmer and much more comfortable on the inside of a person’s body as compared to the air which is on the outside of a person’s body. This is why most of them will put up some kind of fight once an actual deliverance starts up.

3. The next sentence is the key. Once the demon returns back to the same person he had originally lived in, he will check him out to see if he has any legal right to be able to enter back into him. If the demon finds it “empty,” he then apparently has the legal right to be able to enter back into this person. I believe God is using the word “empty” to let us know that people who have demons cast out of them have to become Spirit-filled! They have to receive the baptism of the Holy Spirit.

I also believe the word “empty” is possibly referring to the fact that the person may not have grown in God after the demons were originally cast out of them. After God makes a dramatic move on you to save you from this type of dire situation, He will expect you to start walking and growing in Him. God wants that empty space to be filled up with His knowledge, presence and grace – and the only way that can happen is if you start growing and maturing in the Lord.

Once the demon enters into the person’s body, they will then enter into the person’s soul. If this person is a Christian, the demon cannot enter into the person’s spirit because the Holy Spirit is already residing there. But if the person’s soul has not baptized and filled with the Holy Spirit, the demon can then enter into the person’s soul as well as his body. This is why it is so important that the person become Spirit-filled after a deliverance so as to prevent this from ever happening again.

When you receive the baptism of the Holy Spirit, the Holy Spirit will then move up into your soul area. And once the Holy Spirit is living up in your soul area, the demon will no longer be able to enter into that person’s soul again. A Christian can thus have the Holy Spirit dwelling in their human spirit, but at the same time have a demon living up in their soul and body area. Once a demon is up in the soul area, this is how they can temporarily take control of a person’s vocal cords and literally speak right out through that person’s mouth at times.

4. Now watch what happens next. The verse then says that if the demon finds the house empty and in “order,” not only will he enter back in, but he is going to be bringing back with him 7 more demonic spirits that are going to be even more wicked than he is!

This one verse is thus telling you that there are levels of wickedness or levels of evil even among demons themselves. In other words, some demons are going to meaner and more evil than some of the other ones will be.

In some of the exorcisms I have studied, I have seen this phenomena occur over and over again. You can tell when the deliverance minister starts casting the demons out one by one, that some of them are more wicked and evil than some of the other ones are. The weaker demons will even speak out saying they would easily go without putting up much of a fight, but they can’t because the higher ranking and more powerful demons will punish them if they do not try to stay in and fight as long as they possibly can.

Satan obviously has to be the most evil of all the demons and probably the most evil of all created beings – including humans. I believe he has disintegrated down to the lowest levels of the dark side and that he has now become nothing but 100 percent pure evil. I seriously doubt if there is one ounce of goodness left in him due to the long time that he has been cast out of heaven. I believe there is no saving grace left for Satan and the rest of the fallen angels who rebelled against God long before we humans were ever created.

Also notice in this verse that the original demon now has the legal right to bring back with him 7 more demons. Bob, usually when someone has a demon in them, they usually have more than one. Most of the time, demons will travel in groups or clusters. There is one head, chief demon who will run the entire show on the inside and then rest of the demons will be his underlings who will be under his direct control and authority. When casting them out, you can either take one of two approaches:

1. Bind all the lesser demons to the chief demon and then cast all of them out as one spirit.

2. Or cast out each one of the demons one by one.

The first way would obviously be the quickest and easiest, but you have to let God decide which of the two strategies He will want you to go with on any given deliverance. Sometimes God will want you to cast out each one of the demons one by one. The reason being is that He may want the person to know exactly what kind of demons were on the inside of them and why they were on the inside of them in the first place.

Each demon will have his own function name like “murder,” “hate,” “lust,” etc. Their names will tell you what their functions were on the inside of that person’s body and soul. And as they are coming out one by one by their actual names during an actual deliverance, the demonized person will then understand where all of those negative emotions were coming from in the first place. This is why the Bible says that the truth will set you free.

5. Now the last part of this verse says that if the original demon manages to get back in and brings back with him more demons who are going to be even more evil and wicked than he is, then that person’s second state is going to end up becoming much worse than what his previous state was. Why?

Because now the person will have at least 7 more evil demons in them than what they had in them the first time around. And these more evil and wicked demons will thus be causing much more torment, havoc and destruction on this person and their life than what the original demons did since they are much more evil and wicked in their actual natures and personalities.

The more evil a human being is, the more horrible of a crime they are capable of committing. And It’s the same way with demons. The more evil and wicked the demon, the more oppression, torment, torture, chaos and destruction he is capable of inflicting upon that person just because he is a more evil and wicked demon. Deliverance ministers have found out that some of the more evil and wicked demons are those demons who are linked to the occult. That is why it is so extremely dangerous to be engaging in any part of occult.

Bob, one last thing on the last part of this verse. I also believe that God is telling us that if the delivered person goes back to the same, former sin they were involved in that drew the demons to them in the first place – then that will be the door opener that will allow the original demon to not only be able to come back into them, but to also bring back with him seven more demonic spirits who are going to be much more wicked and evil than he is.

In other words, if a person gets delivered from demons as a result of engaging in witchcraft, and then that person goes back into it 3 years later – God may end up pulling back His protection on them and the above scenario will then be allowed to take place. And if it does, this person is going to be in big, serious trouble. God may not be so willing to cast the demons out the second time around, and the demons will then be allowed make that person’s second state much worse than what their first state was.

Jesus Himself says in the New Testament that you are better off not knowing that you are in sin as versus someone who knows they are in sin, gets delivered from that sin, and then goes back into that same sin once again. Demons just hover and wait for people, especially Christians, to mess up and commit any type of door-opening sin so they can either move in and start tormenting that person from the outside, or literally enter into the person’s physical body if they can go that far with it.
Conclusion

I have always found the above verse very fascinating, as God, in just three powerful verses, gives us quite a bit of information and knowledge as to what really goes on behind the scenes with demons. It’s simply amazing how much knowledge and wisdom is actually contained in the Bible. The key is being able to cut into the verses and read what God is trying to tell you in many of the Bible verses.

God likes to make you seek and search after knowledge, and many of the Scripture verses have to be worked and cut into to really see what God is trying to tell you, to see exactly what the actual knowledge is that is lying underneath the verse. It’s like hunting for buried treasure. God says in another verse that the kingdom of heaven is like treasure hidden in a field. And in order to be able to find that treasure, you have to seek and search after it, just like you would seek and search for buried treasure that is underneath the ground. Same principle applies.
The Bible is a Treasure Chest of Knowledge and Revelation
http://www.bible-knowledge.com/interpretation-of-matthew-12-45/